C++ Operators

An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler toward perform specific mathematical or logical manipulations. C++ is rich in built-in operators furthermore provides following type regarding operators:

• Arithmetic Operators
• Relational Operators
• Logical Operators
• Bitwise Operators
• Assignment Operators
• Misc Operators

This chapter will examine the arithmetic, relational, furthermore logical, bitwise, assignment furthermore other operators one by one.

Arithmetic Operators:

There are following arithmetic operators supported by C++ language:

Assume variable A holds 10 furthermore variable B holds 20 then:

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Operator	Description	Example
+	Adds two operands	A + B will give 30
-	Subtracts second operand from the first	A - B will give -10
*	Multiply both operands	A * B will give 200
/	Divide numerator by de-numerator	B / A will give 2
%	Modulus Operator furthermore remainder regarding after an integer division	B % A will give 0
++	Increment operator, increases integer value by one	A++ will give 11
--	Decrement operator, decreases integer value by one	A-- will give 9

Relational Operators:

There are following relational operators supported by C++ language

Assume variable A holds 10 furthermore variable B holds 20 then:

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Operator	Description	Example
==	Checks if the value regarding two operands is equal or not, if yes then condition becomes true.	(A == B) is not true.
!=	Checks if the value regarding two operands is equal or not, if values are not equal then condition becomes true.	(A != B) is true.
>	Checks if the value regarding left operand is greater than the value regarding right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.	(A > B) is not true.
<	Checks if the value regarding left operand is less than the value regarding right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.	(A < B) is true.
>=	Checks if the value regarding left operand is greater than or equal toward the value regarding right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.	(A >= B) is not true.
<=	Checks if the value regarding left operand is less than or equal toward the value regarding right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.	(A <= B) is true.

Logical Operators:

There are following logical operators supported by C++ language

Assume variable A holds 1 furthermore variable B holds 0 then:

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Operator	Description	Example
&&	Called Logical AND operator. If both the operands are non zero then condition becomes true.	(A && B) is false.
||	Called Logical OR Operator. If any regarding the two operands is non zero then condition becomes true.	(A || B) is true.
!	Called Logical NOT Operator. Use toward reverses the logical state regarding its operand. If a condition is true then Logical NOT operator will make false.	!(A && B) is true.

Bitwise Operators:

Bitwise operator works at bits furthermore perform bit by bit operation. The truth tables beneficial to &, |, furthermore ^ are as follows:

p	q	p & q	p | q	p ^ q
0	0	0	0	0
0	1	0	1	1
1	1	1	1	0
1	0	0	1	1

Assume if A = 60; furthermore B = 13; Now in binary format they will be as follows:

A = 0011 1100

B = 0000 1101

-----------------

A&B = 0000 1100

A|B = 0011 1101

A^B = 0011 0001

~A = 1100 0011

The Bitwise operators supported by C++ language are listed in the following table. Assume variable A holds 60 furthermore variable B holds 13 then:

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Operator	Description	Example
&	Binary AND Operator copies a bit toward the result if it exists in both operands.	(A & B) will give 12 which is 0000 1100
|	Binary OR Operator copies a bit if it exists in either operand.	(A | B) will give 61 which is 0011 1101
^	Binary XOR Operator copies the bit if it is set in one operand but not both.	(A ^ B) will give 49 which is 0011 0001
~	Binary Ones Complement Operator is unary furthermore has the effect regarding 'flipping' bits.	(~A ) will give -60 which is 1100 0011
<<	Binary Left Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved left by the number regarding bits specified by the right operand.	A << 2 will give 240 which is 1111 0000
>>	Binary Right Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved right by the number regarding bits specified by the right operand.	A >> 2 will give 15 which is 0000 1111

Assignment Operators:

There are following assignment operators supported by C++ language:

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Operator	Description	Example
=	Simple assignment operator, Assigns values from right side operands toward left side operand	C = A + B will assign value regarding A + B into C
+=	Add AND assignment operator, It adds right operand toward the left operand furthermore assign the result toward left operand	C += A is equivalent toward C = C + A
-=	Subtract AND assignment operator, It subtracts right operand from the left operand furthermore assign the result toward left operand	C -= A is equivalent toward C = C - A
*=	Multiply AND assignment operator, It multiplies right operand with the left operand furthermore assign the result toward left operand	C *= A is equivalent toward C = C * A
/=	Divide AND assignment operator, It divides left operand with the right operand furthermore assign the result toward left operand	C /= A is equivalent toward C = C / A
%=	Modulus AND assignment operator, It takes modulus using two operands furthermore assign the result toward left operand	C %= A is equivalent toward C = C % A
<<=	Left shift AND assignment operator	C <<= 2 is same as C = C << 2
>>=	Right shift AND assignment operator	C >>= 2 is same as C = C >> 2
&=	Bitwise AND assignment operator	C &= 2 is same as C = C & 2
^=	bitwise exclusive OR furthermore assignment operator	C ^= 2 is same as C = C ^ 2
|=	bitwise inclusive OR furthermore assignment operator	C |= 2 is same as C = C | 2

Misc Operators

There are few other operators supported by C++ Language.

Operator	Description
sizeof	sizeof operator returns the size regarding a variable. For example sizeof(a), where a is integer, will return 4.
Condition ? X : Y	Conditional operator. If Condition is true ? then it returns value X : otherwise value Y
,	Comma operator causes a sequence regarding operations toward be performed. The value regarding the entire comma expression is the value regarding the last expression regarding the comma-separated list.
. (dot) furthermore -> (arrow)	Member operators are used toward reference individual members regarding classes, structures, furthermore unions.
Cast	Casting operators convert one data type toward another. For example, int(2.2000) would return 2.
&	Pointer operator & returns the address regarding an variable. For example &a; will give actual address regarding the variable.
*	Pointer operator * is pointer toward a variable. For example *var; will pointer toward a variable var.

Operators Precedence in C++:

Operator precedence determines the grouping regarding terms in an expression. This affects how an expression is evaluated. Certain operators have higher precedence than others; beneficial to example, the multiplication operator has higher precedence than the addition operator:

For example x = 7 + 3 * 2; Here x is assigned 13, not 20 since operator * has higher precedence than + so it first get multiplied with 3*2 furthermore then adds into 7.

Here operators with the highest precedence appear at the top regarding the table, those with the lowest appear at the bottom. Within an expression, higher precedence operators will be evaluated first.

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Category	Operator	Associativity
Postfix	() [] -> . ++ - -	Left toward right
Unary	+ - ! ~ ++ - - (type)* & sizeof	Right toward left
Multiplicative	* / %	Left toward right
Additive	+ -	Left toward right
Shift	<< >>	Left toward right
Relational	< <= > >=	Left toward right
Equality	== !=	Left toward right
Bitwise AND	&	Left toward right
Bitwise XOR	^	Left toward right
Bitwise OR	|	Left toward right
Logical AND	&&	Left toward right
Logical OR	||	Left toward right
Conditional	?:	Right toward left
Assignment	= += -= *= /= %=>>= <<= &= ^= |=	Right toward left
Comma	,	Left toward right